The Problem Of Global Warming - 1228 Words

What is a Social Problem? A social issue is defined as an area of conflict in a social setting that influences different people and is often out of reach of the control of an individual or local geographical authority (Weart 73). Some social problems, however, are not perceived universally as such, resulting in a difference in opinion between different groups. Other social issues are universally recognized as justifiable and, therefore, are addressed by everyone. Global warming is a social issue that traverses national borders, making it an international concern. It is a social problem because many diverse social groups from all over the globe have viewed it as a cause for concern (Weart 74). Nations have come together and tried to fight†¦show more content†¦The effect of these gases has derived its name from greenhouses because of the solar insulation capability they possess. Much like greenhouses, these gases are good absorbers of solar radiation. When solar radiation penetrates the layer of carbon dioxide existing in the air and reaches the earth’s surface, the rays are radiated back. Carbon dioxide insulates the reflected radiation from exiting the earth’s atmosphere (Archer 79). The result is a temperature increase in the earth’s atmosphere due to the concentration of radiation. The temperature increase in the atmosphere causes more evaporation from water bodies. Water vapor in the atmosphere rises, acting as another agent that entraps solar energy. The continued pile up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a threat to the global climatic balance. Because of this, it has received widespread scrutiny as the leading cause of climate change. Higher atmospheric temperatures affect the climatic zones and natural climatic cycles. Potentially life-threatening consequences occur when the temperature of the atmosphere changes by about a third of a degree Celsius every three years (Houghton 13). The rapid development and expansion of industries that are the main consumers of fossil fuels and coal is a serious concern to the problem of global warming. Measures to curb the growth of the social issue have not been stringently

Roles Of Women During The Vietnam War - 1291 Words

The roles of women and men in the Vietnam War varied greatly due the stereotypical characterizations of society. While women were not included in the draft, protected from its brutality and tragedies, men were forced from their homes, enlisted in the army. In O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, women are portrayed as apathetic towards Vietnam soldiers. They are the homebound sex, too fragile and moral to be aware of the world outside their own, and unable to empathize with the emotional baggage that the soldiers carry. Through The Things They Carried, O’Brien characterizes women as ignorant and thus, insensitive towards the men’s pain in war. Women often write letters to the soldiers, but they are inconsiderate of the hardships that the soldiers endure at war. For Lieutenant Cross, Martha writes long letters back and forth with him, but rare do they ever speak of Cross’s life in battle. Merely, the only time war was mentioned was to say, â€Å"Jimmy, take care of yourself† (2). Martha writes pages of letters regarding her life at home, but does not put in the effort to ask about Jimmy, who risks his life every day. Simply, she tells Jimmy to â€Å"take care,† which is a colloquial phrase without any personal sentiment behind it, one not adequate enough to say that she is truly interested or cares about Cross. As a college student in the states, Martha is wrapped up in her own life, uninformed about the worldwide events, such as the Vietnam War. Because of this lack of knowledge, sheShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War ( 1955-1975 )1575 Words   |  7 PagesThis investigation focuses on the Vietnam War (19 55-1975), and will explore the question: â€Å"To what extent did role of Vietnamese women in society change after the Vietnam War?† The investigation will focus on the years 1945-1987, to analyze their role prior to the war, as well as after. The first source to be evaluated is The Position of Women in Vietnam, written by Richard J. Coughlin in 1950. 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Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreInfluence of the Media in the Anti-War Movement of the 60s and 70s1600 Words   |  7 PagesDuring his testimony to the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, John Kerry mentioned that in his opinion, †Å"there is nothing in South Vietnam which could have happened that realistically threatens the United States of America.† In that same testimony, Kerry discussed that most people â€Å"did not even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apartRead MoreThe Vietnam Womens Memorial Foundation Essay583 Words   |  3 Pages There is little official data on female Vietnam War veterans, because the military mostly favored recording the achievements of men in the army. The Vietnam Womens Memorial Foundation estimate that approximately 11,000 women were stationed in Vietnam from 1962 to 1973. Only about ten percent of women served as soldiers. The ones who did were normally treated as second class soldiers; their role was perceived only as a helpmate instead of a soldier, and they were often put in dangerous situationsRead Mor eWomen During The Vietnam War1294 Words   |  6 PagesWomen were a heavy presence in the Vietnam war. While 1/3 of the men in the Vietnam were drafted; most of the women volunteered. Many women wanted to escape having to settle down and get married and some had something to prove to their families. While others just wanted to help their country. 90% of the women were nurses, but they were also air traffic controllers, physicians, intelligence officers, clerks, among the positons. In the 1960’s, American women took a role and supported their countryRead MoreWomen During The War : The Silent Heroes1676 Words   |  7 Pages Women in the war: the silent heroes When the war broke out many men were deployed to fight but, without the help of women many of the men would have never survived. Between 4,000 and 15,000 women were sent to Vietnam for various reasons. Approximately 90% of the women were nurses. Though most of the women were nurses a select few were there in all military branches. Even though these women were in the specific branches they never fought on the frontline. The WAC, Women s Army CooperationRead MoreThe Role Of Women In The Things They Carried1203 Words   |  5 Pagesshort stories about Tim O’Brien’s, recollections of his time as a soldier in the Vietnam War. This novel depicts the experiences and effects of the Vietnam war on the lives of the American soldiers. O’Brien informs the readers that the stories may not be completely true or moral but that’s the point of a true war story. In the novel, O’Brien introduces characters by the items they carried. The thoughts of women or items women had given to these men were often recognized in the book. O’Brien incorporatedRead MoreMajor Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society1650 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society Name Institution Date Major Historical Turning Points in Americas Current Society Two greatest historical turning points in the World War II through 1970s Many historical events happened in the II world war as rescored in the 1970s. One of the major happenings was the Kent State shootings that happened in May 4, 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen were on duty as they guarded students who were on a strike in Kent state college. One ofRead MoreEssay on Nursing During the Vietnam War675 Words   |  3 PagesNursing During the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was the longest war ever fought by U.S. military forces. U.S. personnel were engaged from 1961 until 1973. Approximately 10,000 U.S. military women served in Vietnam during the war. Most were members of the Army, Navy, and Air Force Nurse Corps. All of the Army nurses were volunteers who attended a six-week basic training class, and then were assigned to one-year stunts in Vietnam hospitals and mobile army surgical hospital (MASH) units. Most ofRead MoreThe Battle Of The Vietnam War Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussion of the Vietnam War was never far from people’s minds. This war would serve as an introduction to what war was to the home front. It was in the homes of America where so many had been previously sheltered from the realities of war. During previous conflicts, there had been a military censorship on all media that pertained to war. This would not be the case in Vietnam, it would be completely uncensored. The ability for reporters to provi de a commentary on the war without censorship

Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State Free Essays

string(46) " draws its power from these \(Kalyvas 1999\)\." Abstract Nicos Poulantzas is a Greek-Marxist political sociologist who is famous for his Althusseran account of the State’s relative autonomy. He has on many occasions been referenced by the ‘New Left Review’ especially in relation to the state debate with Ralph Miliband and his support for Structural Marxism. Despite being widely known, little is known about his theory of the state and often is labeled as a ‘class-struggle reductionist’ or ‘structuralist’; expressions that both fail to capture his complex theory of the state. We will write a custom essay sample on Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, we provide a more rounded portrayal of Poulantza’ theory of the capitalist state. In particular, the paper analyzes the nature of the capitalist state from Poulantzas’ perspective and explores how his pathbreaking analysis provides important insights to understanding the behaviour of the state and the state’s structure. This will include exploring the liberal view of the state and the communist orthodox of ‘state monopoly capitalism’. Against the notion of the state being a pliant tool of monopoly capital, this paper will identify the state as both the crystalization and locus of class struggle. It will reject the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and try to draw attention to ucomplex social theory: the view of the state as a material condensation of relationships among classes and its relative autonomy from the dominant class. Additionally, the paper examines the political implications of this ; and finally, it explores the changing face of economic relations which has been facilitated by globalization, work reorganization and knowledge transmission. Introduction Nicos Poulantzas is widely known as an alleged proponent of Structural Marxism (Walsh 2012). He is also most famous for his Althusseran account of the State’s’ relative autonomy’. The greatest appeal of his state theory can be seen in Britain as evident with the New Left Review which has enthusiastically taken up his cause (Clarke 1991). Although Nicos Poulantzas has on many occasions been referenced by the organized left, especially in relation to the state debate with Ralph Miliband and his support for Structural Marxism; it should be noted that neither of these contexts gives an accurate representation of this dynamic thinker (Walsh 2012). For example, the Miliband debate provides only a small reflection of Poulantzas’ theory of capitalist state. Despite being a renowned Marxist political sociologist, little is known about his theory of the state. Often, he is labeled as a ‘class-struggle reductionist’ or ‘structuralist’; expressions that both fail to capture his complex theory of the state (Tabak 1999). While his theory is seldom discussed in certain areas of the academic circles; it is important to note that he is amongst the most important post-war theorists especially to those that seek to advance Marxist state theories beyond crude instrumentalism and subjectivism (Walsh 2012). For this reason, this paper provides a more rounded portrayal of Poulantzas’s theory of the capitalist state. In particular, the paper analyzes the nature of the capitalist state from Poulantzas’ perspective and explores how his pathbreaking analysis provides important insights to understanding the behaviour of the state and the state’s structure. Additionally, the paper examines the political implications of his view. The power bloc In order to get a clear perspective of Poulantzas’s state theory, it is important to first examine the power bloc. It is a widely accepted fact that for every society, there is an array of classes that form the dominant and dominated classes. In this respect, Poulantzas noted that the economically dominant class could only establish political dominance in the society through the capitalist state (Walsh 2012). He called this group of dominant class the ‘power bloc’ which comprises of the capitalist class and the economically powerful classes. The interests of the power bloc are heteros and the make-up and balance of forces in the power bloc vary from state to state (Walsh 2012). Undeniably, for every society, there will always be contradictory and competing interests especially among the different ruling classes. Given the divergent interests of the power bloc, it becomes the state’s primary role to ensure that such conflicting interests within the power bloc do not undermine the dominance of the bloc as a whole nor pose threat to unity. It thus becomes the role of the state to unify and organize the various classes and to uphold their political interests without posing threat to unity. It follows that the class differences within the power bloc should not hinder the state’s task of maintaining unity and the subordinance of the subaltern classes. Poulantzas, in this respect, views the state as playing an active role in the reproduction of relations and maintenance of class-hierarchical status quo (Kalyvas 1999). Globalization and the State The current literature available on globalization takes a more liberal view of the State, the view that the State is a territorial institution with centralized control over its territories (Tabak 1999). According to the liberal view, the state is treated as an entity with its own unique power. Thus the power of the state becomes discharged when multinationals exit its territory (Tabak 1999). Others, sharing a similar view, argue that when multinationals exit the state’s territory, the state may not necessarily become powerless as not enough capital has escaped the territorial state’s domain to make it obsolete (Lenin 2012). This paper, however, challenges this view from Poulantzas’s perspective of the state. The paper argues that these approaches fail to identify the source of the State’s autonomy. Poulantzas’s state theory In the state theory, Poulantzas seems less concerned to disprove liberal democratic theory but rather criticizes the communist orthodox of ‘state monopoly capitalism’ (Kalyvas 1999). Against this notion that the state is a pliant tool of monopoly capital, Poulantzas rejects the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and draws the attention of mainstream political science to his complex social theory (Kalyvas 1999). According to Nicos Poulantzas, the power of the state is not confined in a more or less rational actor/institution and its nature is independent of its territoriality (Kalyvas 1999). The state’s institutionalism is a reflection of the contradictory social relations and the state draws its power from these (Kalyvas 1999). You read "Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State" in category "Essay examples" The state’s existence is thus driven by contradictory social relations and can be viewed as an institutionalized power relationship that transcends the national territory and the territorial nation; both of which are not essential for its existence. Poulantzas state theory reaffirm’s the view that the political realm is independent and is not, as articulated in classical Marxism, a reflection of the economic realm. He thinks of the state’s autonomy as central in all circumstances and independent of its territory. According to Poulantzas, the state is by definition a capitalist state, which constitutes the political unity of the dominant classes, thereby establishing them as dominant (Poulantzas 2000: p.77 ). He rejects the so-called instrumentalist perspective articulated by Miliband on grounds that the states autonomy is independent of the ruling class and argues that the state is not a mere instrument of the ruling or dominant class, but is instead a separate entity with its own agenda. This state theory developed by Poulantzas has its roots in his political theory which proposes a regional approach to understanding and analyzing the different levels in a social formation: political, economic and ideological levels (Poulantzas 2000). His early work was, however, subject to criticism on the grounds that it was severely functionalist, failing to show exactly how the state fulfils its role as the ‘factor of cohesion’ (Rooksby 2012). Critics also argued that Poulantzas’s approach presented the political and economic ‘regions’ as distinct rather than simply analytically (Rooksby 2012). Criticism was also raised on grounds that his emphasis on determining the role of structural matrix in the capitalist society could not possibly be combined with the idea of contingent class struggle (Rooksby 2012). Poulantzas later work, state, power, socialism, is far more superior to his early work and represents a major advance in his thinking. In this final work, this Greek Marxist sociologist rejects the Althusseran underpinnings thereby overcoming many of the criticism raised with his early work. The starting point of the analysis of the capitalist state shifts from the assumption of a determinant structural matrix to one that examines the nature of relations of production in the capitalist mode of production (Rooksby 2012). With a shift in focus, Poulantzas was able to develop a more improved theory of the state. In this final piece, he provides a brilliant analysis of capitalism by conceptualizing a state that materializes and concentrates power and one that provides political space for class struggle (Poulantzas 2000). His analysis identifies the state as both the crystallization and locus of class struggle. On one side,there is a class struggle over the organization of production, knowledge and over state’s juridical apparatuses (Poulantzas 2000). It thus becomes the state’s role to reintegrate and unify separated and individualized workers into one nation. On the other side, this integration takes place in the context of class struggle and the state and other institutions are a product of such struggle (Poulantzas 2000). His theory of the state is in response to the simplistic understandings within Marxism which posited that the state was a mere reflection of the dominant class and that state policy was a direct expression of this ruling class political will (Clarke 1991). In the Marxist scheme, the dominant class is one that owns or controls the means of production; and one in which its interests the state corresponds (Clarke 1991). That means that the dominant class may use the state power as an instrument to achieve its dominance in the society. Poulantzas disagreed with the Instrumentalist Marxist view and instead argued that the capitalist class was more focused on individual profit rather than maintaining class’s power as a whole (Poulantzas 2000). Against the instrumentalist approach, Poulantzas argues that the state is more of a material condensation of the relationship among the various classes and that intrinsic class struggle of the capitalist system is hardwired into the state’s mainframe, thus the state’s actions and policy cannot be solely dictated by the ruling class (Poulantzas 2000). Owing a considerable debt to the notion of ‘cultural hegemony’ articulated by Antonio Gramsci; Poulantzas also argues that the repressing movements of the oppressed are by no means the state’s sole function (Salomon 2012). He argues that instead the state power obtains consent of the oppressed through class alliances, wherein the ruling class creates an alliance with the oppressed groups in order to obtain their consent. According to Poulantzas, the state is neither an instrumentalist depository of the ruling class-power nor a subject with its own abstract power; but is rather the centre of the exercise of power. Implications of this view Drawing from the above, it can be argued that the theory of the capitalist state comprise of three dialectical moments which, besides being autonomous, are also co-determinants of each other: the state as an institution, state as a function and state as a relation (Tabak 1999). The state is an institution in the sense of its embodiment in its personnel and apparatuses. As articulated by Poulantzas, the state is a centralized apparatus that comprise of an assemblage of impersonal and anonymous functions (Tabak 1999). While Members within institution-state may come from different classes, they follow a specific internal unity. The state can also be viewed as a function, with political, economic and ideological functionality (Tabak 1999). When the three categories are combined, the state performs an objective function, maintaining social cohesion in order to ensure continuing accumulation of capital. There are many facets to this function of cohesion: first, the state serves as a function by creating what is referred to by Poulantzas as a â€Å"people-nation† (Tabak 1999). Second, it serves as a function by playing a constitutive role in the reproduction of class powers (Tabak 1999). Given the above, it can be seen that the state’s functionality makes possible its institutionality. On the other hand, its institutionality is circumscribed by and casually embedded in its functionality (Tabak 1999). This coexistence is constantly reproduced by social relations, bringing us to the third moment, state as a relation. By state as a relation, Poulantzas implies that the state is a condensate of a relation of power between struggling classes (Tabak 1999). Conceiving the state as a relation, means grasping the fact that it is the resultant of contradictions and that it is destined reproduce class divisions. State’s autonomy These three moments define the nature of the state and the state’s relative autonomy. The three moments are also dialectically linked to two processes: first, the distinction between the political and the economic; relations of production-consumption-circulation and the state (capitalist mode of production) (Tabak 1999: p.139). Second, specificity of the constitution of classes and of class struggle in the capitalist mode of production (Tabak 1999: p.139) In capitalism, for example, the surplus mode of extraction requires a functionally autonomous state (Tabak 1999: p. 140). This is due to the fact that production and valorization of products in the market are two separate processes. While the control of production rests largely in the hands of the capitalist, product circulation and valorization in the global market is beyond the capitalist’s individual control. It thus requires the presence of an overarching force such as the state which will follow the overall logic of surplus creation and ensure surplus extraction (Tabak 1999). Criticism of Poulantzas state theory Several questions have, however, been raised with regard to Poulantzas approach and his emphasis on the state’s relative autonomy. Questions such as: how relative is relativeUnder what circumstances can we consider it as more or lessMore so, what form does the autonomy assumeThese key questions have been raised in political discourse and Poulantzas approach critiqued as having not provided a satisfactory answer to them. Poulantzas approach has been critiqued as undermining his attempt to explain the nature of the relationship between the state and the dominant class. His approach is also seen as subverting the very concept of relative autonomy that it proposes. Poulantzas argues against structuralism stating that the state’s power is not located in the levels of structures but is instead an effect of ensemble of these levels (Miliband 1970). The concept of power is thus not applicable to one level of the structure. From this view, the state power does not in itself imply state’s articulation at other structural levels. It can only mean the power of determinate class whose interests are prioritized by the state (Miliband 1970). This, however, may not necessarily be true as it would imply depriving the state of its autonomy and turning it into a mere instrument of the determinate class. In line with this view, Poulantzas argues that the state possess its autonomy and structural specificity which cannot be easily reduced to an analysis in terms of power (Jessop 2009). This concession, however, does not seem to dissipate the confusion but rather serves to compound it. Failure by Poulantzas to differentiate between state power and class power is suggested to be the main reason for this confusion. While state power is considered ultimate, it is not the only means to maintaining and assuring class power. The lack of a clear distinction between class power and state power prevents his analysis from providing satisfactory answer to the above questions. By now, it is an acknowledged fact that Poulantzas tended to place a lot of emphasis on the differences and relations between class fractions in the capitalist state. While stressing this fact is important and needs to be comprehended in the analysis of the capitalist state; his emphasis on these differences and relations may obscure the underlying cohesion of these elements and critics may well use these differences to deny the fundamental cohesion of the capitalist class (Miliband 1970). Nonetheless, Poulantzas work has been particularly influential even though his legacy remains ambivalent. This is evident with his state theory, which has become a major contribution to the theoretical agenda on this topic, especially the so-called ‘relative autonomy’ of the state. By creating space for a ‘relatively autonomous’ Marxist political science and defining the nature of the capitalist state, the state’s structure and state’s autonomy; Poulantzas’s work has clearly been influential. Conclusion In essence, Poulantzas’s view of the state goes against instrumentalism which sees the state as solely depending on the dominant class or those that man its top structures. Rather, he sees the state from a ‘functional’ view as fulfilling society’s needs of which it is part. There is no doubt that Poulantzas’s state theory has been influential with his work often referenced by the organized left. He has made important contributions to the theoretical agenda on capitalist state by analyzing the nature of the capitalist state and providing important insights to the understanding of the state, its structure and its autonomy. Undeniably, Poulantzas has made important contributions to this theoretical debate. First, he made a major contribution to the capitalist state theory that goes beyond the conventional Marxist analyses. Second, he developed a broader approach to the state as a relation, viewing the state as the ‘condensate of class relations’. Additionally, his analysis of the current form of capitalist type of state can be seen with ‘authoritarian statism’ which is far more evident today than before, especially in France and Germany. More recently, however, Poulantzas analysis seems to have been widely neglected. Over the past few years, much has changed with economic relations being transformed by globalization, compression of space and time, work reorganization and knowledge transmission which has been facilitated by information and communications revolution. There has been a shift of locus of relation away from the nation state which was fundamental to Poulantzas’s analysis. Nonetheless, he remains one of the most important post-war theorists to advance Marxist state theories beyond crude instrumentalism and subjectivism. Reference Miliband, R., 1970. The Capitalist state: reply to Nicos Poulantzas. New Left Review Salomon, C., 2012. ‘The great transformation of the Poulantzasian modern capitalist state under Globalization’. Journal of Political Inquiry Kalyvas, A., 1999. ‘The stateless theory: Poulantzas’s challenge to postmodernism’. Journal of Hellenic Diaspora Tabak, 1999. ‘A poulantzasian approach to the state and globalization’. Journal of Hellenic Diaspora Carnoy, M. and M. Castells, 2002. ‘Globalization, the knowledge society, and the Network state: Poulantzas at the millennium’. Global Networks, vol. 1 (1) Jessop, B., 2009. Poulantzas’s state, power, socialism as a modern classic. [Viewed on 10th December 2012] available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782009000200010. Poulantzas, N., 2000. State, power, socialism. New edition. Verso Books Walsh, C., 2012. Nicos Poulantzas and the capitalist state. Scotland: International Socialist Group Lenin, 2012. Terrifyingly real: Poulantzas and the capitalist state. [viewed on 10th December 2012] available from http://www.leninology.com/2012/01/terrifyingly-real-poulantzas-and.html Rooksby, 2012. Towards a better theory of the capitalist state: combining block’s and poulantzas’ approaches. [Viewed on 10th december 2012] available from http://www.academia.edu/693189/Towards_a_Better_Theory_of_the_Capitalist_State_Combining_Blocks_and_Poulantzas_Approaches Clark, S., 1991. The State debate. Macmillan publishers. How to cite Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State, Essay examples

Impacts of Government Interventions on Multinational Companies

Question: Discuss About The Interventions On Multinational Companies? Answer: Introduction Government interventions could be interpreted as the actions embraced by a government in relation to its market economy with the aim of improving the country's economy beyond the basic fraud regulations and enforcement of contracts and provision of goods to the public. It is necessary to look at a market too. Markets operating on free forces do always yield the best or desired economic and social outcomes (Cantwell and Narula, 2004). Government interventions are paramount to help in balancing the economy through fiscal and monetary policies. For our case study let us look at Wallis drilling company, a privately owned organization based in Australia. It is one of Australia's leading drilling companies with over 55 drills and above 250 workers. Due to the unique management styles and the use of sophisticated equipment, the company has built several drills and has a vast experience in the international market. The operations of Wallis Drilling Company cover a vast number of internationa l places which include China, India, Indonesia and several other countries in Africa like Cameroon, Egypt, Gabon and Guinea just to mention but few. With a special focus on Japan as an international market, we analyze some of the ways in which government interventions have affected the companys operations especially in the international fonts. Government Interventions One of the most common intervention approaches used by the government involves the aspect of tariffs. In this case, the government imposes taxes on imported products in a bid to control the amount of goods and services entering the international markets (Calof, 2009). The Wallis drilling company has faced various challenges in its bid to explore the external markets especially in cases where the governments levy heavy taxes on their products. This hinders the movement of workers and machines which may result in a reduction in the quality of available products. The other government control measure is the use of quota. In this system, the government implements policies which are aimed at restricting or controlling the quantity of products which are imported by a country. Due to such regulations, the drilling company, for instance, is only allowed to install a given number of drills in the external market. The remaining opportunities are left for the local industries (Caves, 2006). The quota system also results in restrictions in the number of personnel that the company can move to the external subsidiaries. Such obstacles may force the company to acquire and a train employee from the host countries which is not only time consuming but also consumes the companys resources. The other intervention which may be considered relevant to Wallis drilling company is the use of regulation and technical standards. For instance, Japan being one of the developed countries in terms of technology has escalated the standards which foreign investors ought to attain in order to gain entry into the international markets. Consequently, the machines and equipment may be subjected to expensive testing procedures which in one way or the other impact the establishment of drills in the foreign market areas (Harrison, 2011). Impacts of Government Interventions The government interventions applied in different market areas are always meant to safeguard the local companies while maintaining the right economic levels. This implies that the importance of foreign investors in a countrys economy cannot be underrated. On the other hand, the presence of foreign investors has to be controlled which results in a number of impacts especially on the foreign company (Johnson and Turner, 2010). To begin with, the measures lead to a rise in the cost of production as experienced by the foreign company. This arises due to the high taxes charged on the exports of both machines and equipment which means the drilling company has to spend a lot before eventually establishing the drills in the international markets. The restrictions also have impacts on the foreign companies in line with the aspect of human resource management. Through the regulations and standards, the number of foreign employees allowed to work in the international markets is regulated. The company therefore lacks enough control over the composition of its human resource fraternity which may lead to poor work output especially when the company has to work with inexperience personnel. Conclusion The government interventions have since played a crucial role in enhancing the stability of economies in the host countries. The regulations have been crucial in ensuring a balance in the distribution and use of resources (Long and Mills, 2008). However, the regulations may act as obstacles to the development and expansion of the international companies. This becomes the case especially when the companies have to endure high costs in their bid to venture the international markets. It would therefore be important to come up with regulatory measure which are effective not only for the host countries but the foreign investors as wells References Cantwell, J. and Narula, R. (2004) International business and the eclectic paradigm: developing the OLI framework, Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 456 -458. Calof, J. (2009) Adapting to foreign markets: explaining internationalization, International Business Review, 4(2), pp. 115-130. Caves, E. (2006) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2nd Edn., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Harrison, A. (2011) International Entry and Country Analysis, A lecture programme delivered at technical university of Kosice, viewed 11, May 2016. Johnson, D. and Turner, C. (2010) International Business, 2nd Edn., London: Routledge. Long, B. and Mills, J. (2008) Globalization, postcolonial theory, and organizational analysis: lessons from the Rwanda genocide. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 4(1), pp. 389-409.

Principles of Business SBA free essay sample

Inside this School Based Assessment (S. B. A) you will see the entrepreneurs’ plans and objectives for their prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazines. You will also find information on the description of the business; location, how capital will be obtained and the roles and functions of the entrepreneurs. This project will help others who read it by allowing them to know the necessary steps they should take, if they are interested in becoming an entrepreneur. Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher, Miss. Howell, for her knowledge and expertise which helped me in the successful completion of this School Based Assessment (S. B. A). I would also like to express my gratitude to our heavenly father Almighty God, for providing me with the knowledge, strength, and the apprehension which guided me in the successful completion of my S. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Business SBA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B. A. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for providing me with the necessary finances and incite which assist me in the successful completion of my S. B. A. Description of the business DD’s Teen Magazine is a partnership business between two sisters, Debra Lodge and Debbian Lodge. Debra Lodge has over five years’ experience as a customer service representative and Debbian Lodge has her degree in sales and marketing. DD’s Teen Magazine is a part of the manufacturing industry. Magazines will be produced by purchasing newspapers from the Jamaica Gleaner Company, and putting the information together. Information from the newspapers will not be plagiarized. After information has been put together, it will be reviewed by the editor and printed. Batches of magazines will then be distributed to stores across the island. Mission Statement The mission statement of DD’s Teen Magazine will be: To promote reading among teens in Jamaica, so that they can make a meaningful contribution towards society’s development. Justification of location DD’s Teen Magazine will be located at 53 Hanover Street, Kingston Jamaica. I chose this location for various reasons. The following are listed below: Land Space: There will be availability of sufficient suitable land for this prospective business, at an economically viable price. It also is a suitable position which will attract business. Market Pull: The location of this prospective business will be attracted to sites close to where potential customers can be found. Linkage Industries: The location of this prospective business will be near other businesses on which it depends. It also will be located to other firms in a similar line of business. Selection of appropriate labour Labour Type of labour Number of employees Functions of employees Why is this type of labour necessary Managers Managerial 2 managers Planning, organizing, delegating, and motivating workers to ensure tasks are effectively carried out on time. This type of labour is effective to ensure the smooth operation of the business and to enable the business to make a profit. Editors Security Guards Skilled Skilled 3 Editors 2 Security Guards( night and day Security Guards). Responsible for reading information gathered before it is sold to the general public. Responsible for ensuring the safety and security of workers and patrons who enter the premises of DD’s Teen Magazine. This type of labour is necessary for the effective day to day operation of the business. So that workers can finish tasks delegated to them on time. Janitors unskilled 2 Janitors To ensure the environment is clean and healthy for patrons and workers. This type of labour is necessary for carrying out basic functions to make persons feel comfortable within their working environment. Sources of fixed and working capital Fixed Capital These are the durable (long-term) assets of a business which are used over a long period of time and are tied up in permanent use. Some examples of fixed capital are: land, building etc. For this prospective business, a sum of two million ($2,000,000) will be borrowed from The Bank of Novia Scotia Jamaica, and will be paid back gradually, at a later date. This capital will be used for the purchasing of the building. The capital will also be used for purchasing of machinery, such as: computer, printer, point of sale, magnetic stripe reader. Working Capital These are stocks of materials; cash, bank balances, and other items required for the day to day operation of the business and are continually being used up. For this prospective business, capital will be obtained from personal savings, a sum of five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000). And borrowing a sum of eight hundred thousand ($800,000) from family members. These capitals will be used for purchasing newspapers, ink to operate the printer, and papers to print information on. Roles of the entrepreneurs The entrepreneurs of this prospective business will perform various roles in order for DD’s Teen Magazine to begin operation. Some of the roles are listed below: We will organize the factors of production- bring together all resources necessary. Human and non- human for the effective operation of the business. We will also come up with new and creative ideas that will boost the production of the business. We will also come up with the capital necessary for the operation of the business. Functions of the entrepreneurs The entrepreneurs of this prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazine, have various functions that they will have to carry out, in order for the business to be successful. Some of the functions are listed below: Planning: This is the first stage of management. The entrepreneurs of DD’s Teen Magazine will be responsible for setting goals, deciding on resources needed, and the time line to meet these objectives. Organizing: The entrepreneurs of this prospective business will also be responsible for bringing together all the resources needed, in order to provide the goods magazines). Evaluating: The entrepreneurs of this prospective business will also be responsible for accessing output base on objectives set to determine how well they were met, and what steps can be taken to improve performance in the future. Type of production This prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazine, will be engaged in secondary production. This involves taking the raw materials from primary production and changing them into finished goods to be purchased by consumers. The newspapers that will be brought from the Jamaica Gleaner Company will be thoroughly read, so that we can get ideas to use in our magazines. These ideas will be put together and typed, after which they will be printed. Secondary production is also known as CONSTRUCTION and MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Levels of production This prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazine, will be engaged in domestic level production. Domestic level production involves producing goods locally, with in your home country. This level does not involve import from foreign countries. DD’s Teen Magazines will purchase newspapers within their home country, Jamaica, and use these newspapers in order to create the magazines. Quality Control Measures The entrepreneurs of this prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazines, have many measure that are put in place to ensure that the quality of the materials being issued meet demands of the customers. Some of those measures are listed below: A sample of the magazine is sent to the editors, in order for them to check the content. This is to ensure that the materials being read by the teens are age appropriate. Magazines are also double checked by the head of the customer representative department, to ensure that the free posters that were promised as a part of the package is available in all the magazines. Use of technology Two types of technology that will be employed by this prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazines, are: Computer Printer The different technologies listed above will enhance the efficiency of this prospective business, DD’s Teen Magazines. The statements below will show how these technologies will enhance the business’ efficiency. Computer: This will be used to type information which will be placed in the magazines. Pictures will also be gathered with the use of this technology. Computers will enhance the efficiency of the business, because it allows information to be presentable, and easily put together. Before computers were invented, a type writer was its replacement. This only allowed information to be typed; no pictures could be formed using the type writer. Some teens would not be interested in reading magazines without images. Printer: This allows the information that was typed to be printed. Without the printer the hardcopy of the information typed could not be printed. As a result of this the information could not be put together in the form of a magazine. Linkages DD’s Teen Magazines will be involved in forward linkage. This occurs when the finished products of one industry becomes the raw material of another industry. DD’s Teen Magazines will benefit from this linkage because newspapers will be purchased in bulks, so they are less expensive. This means the company will not pay a lot for the newspapers because they will not be bought one-by-one. Potential for growth Internal growth For this prospective business, there will be a great infrastructural expansion within the next two to three years. We also intend to employ more persons, purchase more machinery and office equipment. External growth This prospective business intends to have different branches in all the parishes of Jamaica within the next four to ten years. We also intend to make our company well known overseas and the rest of the Caribbean by forming Multinational Corporation. Figure 1: A diagram showing internal and external growth within the next ten years. Government regulation The regulatory practices governing the establishment of businesses refers to the rules and regulations by which persons who wish to establish a business should be guided. DD’s Teen Magazines will have to be duly registered with the Registrar of companies before business operations can commence. A certificate of registration will be issued to the company and must be appropriately displayed in the place of business. DD’s Teen Magazines will also be required to get a copyright license. Certificate of registration: This shows that the company is operating legally and the entrepreneurs will not be fined or imprisoned for illegal operation. The business also could not be terminated for not being registered. Copyright license: This is the exclusive right to publish or record a work. If you use someone’s work and do not have a copyright license, this is known as copyright infringement or plagiarism. The business could be terminated or the entrepreneurs could be fined or imprisoned for committing the act of plagiarism. Ethical Issues Ethical issues refer to the beliefs about what is right and wrong behavior or action. One ethical issue that DD’s Teen Magazines will have to adhere to is: Keeping promises: Free posters are promised to be available in the magazines for the customers. If promises are not kept customers will purchase goods elsewhere and the business will suffer a loss. If promises are kept customers will have more faith in the products of the business and will more likely to buy them.

SPace and Religion the relationship essays

SPace and Religion the relationship essays For a lot of people the word science refers to the set of knowledge pertaining to the physical world, not just animate but also inanimate objects. But an actual definition would also have to include the attitudes and methods through which this group of knowledge is formed. An actual definition of science is, science is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of generals laws(Random House Websters College Dictionary, 1178). Science is both a particular kind of activity and also the results of that activity. Theory and experiment work together in science, with experiments leading to new theories that in turn lead to further experiments. Although scientists generally share these methods and feelings, they do not provide a guaranteed means of scientific discovery. Every scientist uses their own way to research, experiment, and theorize, but they all try to invent one thing, a systematic way to go about provin g things. When something is proved or discovered it leads to new developments everywhere, especially in the field of technology. New scientific results may lead to new and more effective technology. Technology has been around much longer than science. As technology developed so did science. Technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with applied science, engineering, the industrial, arts and etc. The application of knowledge for practical ends(Random House Websters College Dictionary, 1343). Technology is considered to be a form of applied science. The scientific work is prepared and then applied to the technology. Everything you can think of has been a production of science and technology. Whether it has been developed from the scientific method or simply through trial and error. Many people that have used scientific technology include the wheel makers, ship builders, and todays engineers. Long...

World view paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World view paper - Essay Example The work groups may have a local set of values that significantly differ from the dominant culture. Many organizations related to health care, engineering, artists, and researchers have adopted the heterogeneity assumptions. The distinctive work paradigms and the demands of the occupations can easily marginalize the employees from the central organization. As a result, the workers try to cope with everyday frustrations and preserve their distinctive identity. They do so by working intensively together under a subculture (Bratton et al., 2010). The cultural heterogeneity affected my behavior as a doctor with a certain health organization. For example, we could collectively interpret the dominant value of providing the best possible care service to patients. However, the various professional groups frequently delivered care in a way different from the espoused value. Each group had a different interpretation from others of what best care means. For doctors, for instance, we interpreted it as eradicating the cause of the disease. On the other hand, occupational workers believed that it delivering care is helping patients to achieve improved life quality and greater mobility. These differing subcultures frequently clashed with one another and the central culture. Another theory, the symbolic- interactionist perspective, views organizational world as the all its members’ interactions put together. It assumes that culture is a vehicle that carries shared meaning (hence symbolic). It is brought about by the face-to-face encounters (hence inter-actionist) of workers and managers as they engage in daily workplace activities (Bratton et al., 2010). Thus, the organizational actors construct the culture, and then the networks of symbols and meanings among workers and managers reproduce it. Studying language, space, action, observable artifacts, beliefs, and values of the organization can thus help in

Please describe how you interprete the notion of underserved and at Essay

Please describe how you interprete the notion of underserved and at risk populations and communities. Please provide specific examples of how you have worked with underserved and at risk populations - Essay Example Although I did not have a background in teaching, I volunteered to teach French and Math to elementary school children living in the camp. I consider the refugee children living in the camp both underserved and at risk because they had little or no access to vital services and amenities including education and sanitation among others, and yet faced greater risk of suffering malnutrition and certain diseases than the general public. There were no books; just pencils, paper, chalk, and a blackboard. Access to education for these refugee children had a significantly impact their lives and gave them the hope of having many opportunities in life. Currently, I volunteer at Emergency Community Health and Outreach (ECHO) to increase awareness about health and safety issues to recent refugees who immigrated to Minnesota. In March 2013, I collaborated with the Hopkins Fire Department to develop and implement courses on fire safety for these recent immigrants. I consider the refugees that I attended to as being underserved and at risk considering that they had little access to education and other services and yet were more prone to suffering malnutrition, fire disasters, and diseases compared to the general public. Most of the participants in this program had no previous knowledge of fire safety and what to do in the event of a fire, which put this population in potential danger in the wake of a fire emergency. However, having language barrier was a major challenge for them as they were unable to communicate in English. Having interpreters present during the lessons significantly helped some of the refugees. However, there were ma ny participants who had to contend with learning without interpreters. Without interpreters, many of the participants faced a lot of difficulties trying to understand and grasp what taught. Regardless, we successfully educated the refugees. In conclusion, an underserved population is basically a group of

Strategy and practise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategy and practise - Essay Example Strategic decisions are concerned with the issue of setting a direction for the organization to move or the course the organization will follow Though very crucial, yet preparing 'strategic moves' for future often is not based on hard fact, but on presumptions. It involves past experience, forecasting and 'surround-effect'. Strategic management can be described as what Bernard called 'maintaining the organization in operation'2. For any organization to function effectively; three main aspects are critical; Contribution from the concerned helps in widening the thoughts, assigning responsibilities helps in implementing and constantly monitoring the results and feedback helps in devising a still better strategy. It is said that organizations are not passive components. They are live, full of activity and environment-responsive like living beings. Organizations do acquire character and develop a typical personality with time and we tend to make an image of the employee depending on the organization he/ she works for. This very personality of the organization considerably influences the functions of the organization in the long run. For example we tend to remember some companies as employee friendly, as well paying, as investor friendly, as market friendly, as customer friendly etc. depending upon their past performances and behavior. To meet and exceed customer satisfaction, the business team needs to follow an overall organizational strategy. Traditionally 'maximizing' profits has been considered to be the objective of any organization. Not any more.This criteria has been discarded. Now organizations are supposed to have multiple objectives, monetary as well as non-monetary. There are short-term objectives as well as long-term ones. Strategists are supposed to prioritize all such objectives, so that there is clarity and ease of decision making in situations where there is an apparent clash of objectives. Situations like these at times present testing times for organization. Failure doesn't come with a one off decision, in fact it is the result of continuous interactions in a system. It has structure and sequence. John Martin, CEO, Taco Bell says, "When you are on the right road and the wind is behind you, you can make all kinds of mistakes."3 And the real test comes in overpowering these mistakes and taking corrective and preventive steps. Strategic intent cannot be planned all in advance. It has to be a continuous evolut ionary process depending upon the experiences. Henry Ford say, "Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently"4 Basic Building Blocks of Strategy: 1. Environment Analysis 2. Doing a SWOT Analysis 3. Preparing a Business Policy. Environment Analysis: It involves studying and analyzing the surroundings to identify the competitors, the threats and opportunities. Maslow's hierarchy of needs argued that the driving force for human actions is the urge for satisfaction of one or the other need. These needs go on changing depending upon a number of factors. In fact the needs of consumer/ customer and those of the organization are inter-linked because organization too is an active component so needs of the

Post-insertion Catheter Care Audit

Post-insertion Catheter Care Audit Portfolio Activity 1 Permissions and ethics considerations This audit is a part of quality assurance (QA) that aim is to assess the adequacy of existing practice about the post-insertion catheter care against the standards, in order to minimize the central venous catheter related infections (CVCRIs) in a medical ward. This QA activity will possesses a negligible risk (NHMRC 2015) because the data will be analyzed for the purpose of maintaining standards and data will not be gather beyond that which is collected routinely from the participants (NHMRC 2014). That includes assessing nurses’ practice about the central venous catheter (CVC), its dressing skills, and patient’s CVC condition. Therefore, this audit will own more benefits than harm and will not require human research ethical committee (HREC) permission (NHMRC 2014). However, permission will be obtained from non-HREC. Informed consent: The opt-out approach will be used to recruit the participants into this audit, where the general information about this audit will be shared to all participants and their involvement. Those participants who are not willing to participate will notify the auditor; otherwise their participation is presumed (NHMRC 2015a). This audit information will be posted on the unit notice board a week before the actual audit starts. The poster will only contain the general information about the infection control audit and will not specify, which infection control policy is going to assess. The reason for not disclosed all the information to participant is to obtain the true data of staff practice about the CVC, because if participants get familiar with the audit aim, they will intentional started to behave differently (NHMRC 2015a). Moreover, before starting of the each shift, auditors will notify participants that those nurses, who are going to perform CVC dressing skills, will accompany auditors. But auditors will not permit participants’ to know what aspect of dressing skills will be assessed. However, once audit will finish, its aim and method will be shared and posted on the unit notice board. The data about the condition of CVC and nurses ‘dressing skills will be obtained by assessing the patients’ CVC site and nurses’ practice about the CVC dressing on patients. Thus, auditor will also take the verbal consent from the patients. Patients’ who are highly dependent on medical care or not capable of making decision, consent should be sought from participant’s guardian (NHMRC 2015b). Privacy and confidentiality: Participants’ confidentiality will be maintained (HREC 2008). The collected data will not contain any personal identifying information about participants. Collected data will be shared, once it get analyzed without disclosing the participants’ name to staff, head nurse, clinical nurse instructor, manager, director of nursing services and infection control committee (ICC) in order to develop the action plan based on identified needs. While assessing the patient CVC site and nurse’s practice about the CVC dressing, auditor will ensure patient privacy (HREC 2008). Moreover, to maintain the patient privacy, two auditors will be selected from the ICC, from which one would be male and other would be female. Female auditor will assess the female patient CVC site and same goes with male auditor. Infection Control Committee (ICC): Permission will be obtained from the ICC because they have following responsibilities: to manage infection control programs; to monitor hospital acquire infections through frequent audits; to facilitate in continuing education and ongoing training programs for HCWs to prevent and control all aspect of infections. Moreover, ethical issues about this audit will be discussed and modified after ICC feedback. Nursing Director and Manager: Permission will be obtained from nursing director and manager because they are responsible for safety and quality of their hospital; staffing; employee satisfaction; consumer satisfaction; and budgeting. Head Nurse (HN): Permission will be taken from the unit HN because they have a responsibility to manage their unit; to assure the quality care to all patients. Moreover, HN assists and conducts education and training programs for their unit staff. Portfolio Activity 2: Barriers and Facilitators: Impact on clinical practice change Elements of practice that assist my project: The element that will assist my project are the dominant organization culture leaders that includes the nursing directors, manager and ICC have significant impact on the ability of head nurse and clinical nurse instructor (CNI) to bring about the changes in nursing practice (Helfrich et al. 201). ICC will be involved in this audit as a stakeholder (ECDC 2013), facilitator to bring changes on staff practice and sustainability of that project. Because they are: Expert in infection control field. Responsible to develop, revise and implement the infection control policies based on standard guidelines. Conducting audits to evaluate the practice and performance of health care workers with standards and participate in those activities that improve compliance by monitoring parameters with regard to process or outcome. Identifying barriers to adherence with policy and procedure, by involving health care workers. Facilitate clinical care organization to implement infection control guideline, e.g. through proper training of employees about the infection control and prevention. Unit HN and Clinical Nurse Instructor (CNI) will be involved during the process of change management and sustainability of that project because both are responsible to regularly conduct the unit rounds. During the unit rounds, they will assess the staff performance and practice about the CVC on regular basis; reinforce staff to follow the ICC guidelines; and conduct the training session for their staff based on identifying needs particularly about the CVC. Elements that become a barrier for my project: Jeffery Pickler (2014) have identified the following barriers to become non-compliance with CVC guideline could be the cognitive and contextual factors. Cognitive barriers: Nurses are working with the many competing priorities of patient needs that lead them to prioritize their activities. Therefore, they are skipping those activities which they considered least important. Nurses are not following the guidelines when they do not see evidence of harm; understand the rational of policy’s; and want to waste the resources. Lack of knowledge and forgetfulness about the policy. Nurses do not wash their hands frequently, when they are continuously using patient’s CVC site. Contextual barriers: The organization is placing an importance to such activities that staff consider least valuable. These priorities includes aspect of documentation (staff feels that they are documenting more than providing care), frequent changes in practice, and lack of training. Shortage of staff, resulting in taken shorts cuts. Unavailability and inaccessibility of supplies and equipments. Strategies that assist staff and sustain to change their practice: Jeffery Pickler (2014) have mentioned some strategies that assist staff to change their practice are as follows: Commonly supplies and equipment should be readily available. Training and education about the infection control policy should be offered to all staff. User-friendly documentation system should be made. Sanitizer should be available on patient’s bedside. Staffing should be adequate. Other strategies stated by SA Health (2012a) SA Health (2012b) could be: Surveillance and auditing programs should be frequently performed by ICC. Ongoing feedback or appraisal should be given to staff to improve their practice. Ensure that online infection control policy should be accessible to all the staff or posted on the notice board. Encourage staff to use incident reporting system to notify any breeches in infection control practice. Elect the infection control nurses (ICN) from each shift that will be responsible to monitor the infection control practices in their own groups. So in this way, unit staff will start taken the responsibility to prevent and control the rate of infections from their units (Kitson Straus 2013). To conclude, this audit will only achieve its aims and significant outcome, when organization will understand the staff barriers and take some actions against those barriers, which staffs are facing at interpersonal, intrapersonal and organizational level, results in sustainability of this project. References: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2013, Core competencies for infection control and hospital hygiene professionals in the European Union, Stockholm, ECDC. Helfrich, CD, Yu-Fang, L, Sharp, ND, Sales, AE, 2009, ‘Organizational readiness to change assessment (ORCA): Development of an instrument based on the Promoting Action on research in health services (PARIHS) framework’, Implementation Science, vol. 4, no. 1. Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) 2008, Quality Assurance Guideline, viewed on 27 May 2015, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/research-and-innovation/resources/human-ethics/policies-and-guidelines?a=28875> Jeffery, AD, Pickler, RH 2014,’ Barriers to Nurses’ Adherence to Central Venous Catheter Guidelines’, The Journal of Nursing Administration, vol. 44, no. 7/8, pp. 429-435. National Health and Medical Research Council 2014, Ethical Considerations in Quality Assurance and Evaluation Activities, viewed 26 May 2015, https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e111_ethical_considerations_in_quality_assurance_140326.pdf> National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 2015, Chapter 2.1 Risk and Benefits, viewed 22 May 2015, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/book/chapter-2-1-risk-and-benefit> National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 2015a, Chapter 2.3: Qualifying or waiving conditions for consent, viewed 23 May 2015, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/book/national-statement-ethical-conduct-human-research-2007-updated-december-2013/chapter-2-3-qualif> National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 2015b, Chapter 4.4: People highly dependent on medical care who may be unable to give consent, viewed 23 May 2015, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/book/chapter-4-4-people-highly-dependent-medical-care-who-may-be-unable-give-consent> South Australia Health 2012a, Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) Action Plan 2012 – 2014, viewed 23 May 2015, http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/7ec93b004d4617539bc8dbf08cd2a4a7/Clinical+Directive_HAI+Action+Plan+2012-2014_Oct2012.pdf?MOD=AJPERESCACHEID=7ec93b004d4617539bc8dbf08cd2a4a7> South Australia Health 2012b, Health care associated infection prevention: Strategic Framework, viewed 23 May 2015, http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/fa5710804d461a0f9c0adff08cd2a4a7/Clinical+Directive_HAI+Strategic+Framework_Oct2012.pdf?MOD=AJPERESCACHEID=fa5710804d461a0f9c0adff08cd2a4a7>

A Christmas Carol :: essays research papers

The four main characters in the book are Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Bob Cratchit, and Ebenezer Scrooge’s nephew, Fred. This story takes place in London, England. The time is winter December 1843 and it starts the day before Christmas, also known as Christmas Eve. Ebenezer Scrooge is the main character of the story, All 3 ghosts visit him. Through him, the lesson of the story is to be learned. In the book, he is made out to be Anti-Christmas, some are feeling pity for him, other hostility. "External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. No wind that blew was bitterer than he†¦Nobody ever stopped in the street to say, with gladsome looks, ‘My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come to see me?’. No beggars implored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked him what it was o’clock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge." Next there is Tiny Tim, he has to use a crutch to walk and he is very small. Despite his disability, he always keeps the spirit up and tries to maintain it in all his brothers, sisters, and parents, even though they are poor. " He told me, coming home, that he hoped the people saw him because he was a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to remember, upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see." This quote just shows how thoughtful he is, and how much he cares for others. Tiny Tim’s father Bob is an employee of Scrooge and he is the only one in the Cratchit family that is thankful to Scrooge, because of the job and the pay that he has given him to support his family and keep food in their stomachs. The last but not least major character is Scrooge’s nephew, Fred. He seems to be the only person who comes to converse with Scrooge and offer him anything. In this case, Fred offered him an invitation to his house for Christmas dinner. Fred is convinced at the beginning of the story that Scrooge doesn’t really mean "Bah!†¦Humbug!" No matter how many times he says it. "He had so heated himself with rapid walking in the fog and frost, this nephew of Scrooge’s, that he was all in a glow; his face ruddy and handsome; his eyes sparkled, and his breath smoked again.

A comparison and contrast Between the works of whitman and hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman were both well-known story-authors of their own time. Their enthusiasm in presenting the details of their stories in a more realistic yet humorous approach have made it possible for them to understand the ways by which readers really opt to receive their copies of the stories that they ought to read.The reason why the works of both authors attracted the attention of the researcher of this topic is the fact that the said revolutionary-writers in the American literature have so much to do with how the ways of writing of the American writers today have radically changed through the years (Babbit 17).The constant referral of both authors with their characters as the main life of their stories have particularly made their works interesting as they try every element in their stories to refer back to the characterization of the persons referred to in their writings.Through the research that has been commenced earlier, the authors were indeed referred to as the primary keys to the development of the presentation of the American literature up to the present era. There are times when the writings of the said authors were referred to as something out of the extra ordinary during their own times, however, being extra ordinary on their part has been an effective way of implicating change in the ways by which the thoughts of the American authors are presented to the public in writing.From the traditional serious plot of writing, the prose and poetry of the American literature has been changed into a more radical and liberated presentation that mostly deals with the things and issues that are afflicting the human society at the present era (Irving 32). Reading then became more interesting and entertaining to many audiences of the American literature. Aside from which, the presentation of the informations became more effective and casual that the writings tend to affect all sorts of readers both young and old alike. (Lauter 65)Particularly focusing on the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne on Rapaccini’s Daughter, it could be observed that the writer indeed encourages the use of metaphoric description of the details of the situation being presented through the stories made.This particular new approach in presenting stories that simply stating what is obvious, it could be noted that the writers today have already considered this particular process of presenting details in a much accepted manner, whereas even the deepest thoughts of the writers which are not considered normal or acceptable by the present society have the chance of being shared to readers through the metaphoric presentations as per presented by Hawthorne himself in his first works.Although the said informations have already been gathered, a more in-depth reasoning as to how they actually affected change within the premise of American literature is still encouraged to be given close attention to. Further studies on the matter shall help the readers unders tand why the authors mentioned above sorely needs recognition as they were indeed able to revolutionize the ways by which literature is presented to the society.Come to think of it, if it were not for the historical writers like Whitman and Hawthorne, the ways by which the American authors presented their ideas may not have been liberated at all making reading a much-lesser appreciated source of information considering the fact that technology today gives way to larger and faster ways of spreading information through the Internet in the form of blogs and media presentations. Without the existence of the said authors, American reading materials may not have been as widely accepted in the society as they are today.To be able to come up with the primary informations needed to prove the claims presented in this study, especially that of the works of Hawthorne and the impact that they have been making in the literary presentations of the American writing group, an online library [Questia ] shall be accessed by the author as well as local libraries shall also be consulted.Several commentaries from librarians shall also be incorporated within the study to be able to create a more actual picture of the presentation of the facts that shall be handled within the said paper. The constant attention given to how both authors affected the Modern American Literature shall be continuously used as the basis of the presentation of the informations in this study.Through integrating the results from all possible sources, the author expects the work to be more effective and practical for the public to read and learn from. Not many among the American population would consider this study as an important factor of social advancement. However, considering the fact that literature is an indication of the modern society’s development, this study shall be proven worthy on the basis of its effectiveness in affecting the lives of the people in the human society at present.

Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Essay Example

Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Essay Example Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Paper Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Paper First presented some facts about world population and demography. Then I analyzed the Malthusian and Marxist views on population. I talked about the existing views that considered population growth as the main reason behind poverty. Then I discussed my arguments about those view and discussed how population growth is not the primary cause of low standard of living, gross inequalities or limited freedom choice that characterize much of the developing world. I tried to find the main reasons behind the impoverishment of the poor countries and how those lead to overpopulation. Background: Human race came into existence around 2 billion years ago. Agricultural Revolution took place about 10,000 years ago when people used to hunt and gather food. At that time the estimated world population was about 4 million. The population started to grow significantly after the agricultural revolution. However, the most dramatic population growth occurred after the Industrial Revolution in sass. The world population was approaching one billion people and was increasing by more than two million every year. This dramatic population growth is termed population explosion because within less than 00 years the number of people mushroomed to more than 6 billion whereas before this, world population grew very slowly for millions of years. At this very moment, nearly 7 billion people are sharing this planet. By 2050, the population is expected to reach 9 billion. The world population is very unevenly distributed by geographic region, fertility and mortality levels and age structure. Here we also have to consider the term demographic transition: transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. Most of the developing countries are in stage two and the developed countries in stage three. So in the developing countries, though death rate has dropped significantly due to improvement in medicine and health care, fertility rate remains high. So population growth is highest in the developing and poor countries. Existing literature: Now the question is why birth rates are so high in the developing countries? In 1 798, Thomas Malthusian proposed a theory that determines the relationship between population growth and economic development. According to him, the poor countries are poor because of the population growth. Eliminate the population problem and the problem of poverty will be solved by itself. To eliminate the extra people, positive and preventive checks are necessary. Positive checks are famine, natural disasters, war etc which according to him is a good way to get rid of the unnecessary people who are burden to the society. Preventive checks would be only moral restrain because birth controls were considered as sins according to the Catholic Church. Malthusian was not aware of the technological progress that would occur and thus he came up with the theory that food production will not be able to keep up with the population growth. Thus the solution was to get rid of the poor people. Karl Marx saw the Malthusian point of view as an outrage against humanity. Marx pinpointed the fact that with technological progress, there would be more production. So capital would be increasing too. However, the few capitalist who own all the resources exploit the poor workers and keep them poor. So poverty is the result of a poorly organized capitalist society where there is no equal distribution of wealth. From the Marxist point of view, overpopulation is not the reason behind slow economic growth and development. Though the theory of Malthusian is much criticized and controversial, his ideas are still remaining in the present world. Many theorists and economists see the reduction of population growth through severe measures as the easiest way of ensuring economic prosperity in a developing country. According to them, unrestrained population increase is the main reason behind low standard of living, malnutrition, ill health, environmental degradation, and many other economic and social problems. There is a theory known as population-poverty cycle. This theory states that overpopulation makes the economic, social, and psychological problems more complicated. As more children are born every day, there is less savings rate per person in the household and national level. Because of the uncontrolled population growth, the government fails to provide the basic necessities for the additional people. This leads to low living standard of the existing generation and eventually poverty is transferred to the next generation. At present China is the most populous country in the world with a number Of 1. 34 billion. This country has undertaken one Of the most harsh and coercive population control policies in the early sass- one child per family policy. Though this policy dramatically reduced the growth rate, is caused many socio-economic problems and controversies. However, the cline in the fertility rate in China through one child policy is less successful than approaches based on women empowerment and education in some parts of India, such as the state of Kraal. This shows us that population no longer remains a problem even though there is slow economic growth by focusing on empowering people, especially women. Defending my thesis: My thesis is that poverty causes overpopulation and to solve both the problems, other issues are needed to be taken care of. One of the main causes that keep poor countries and poor people poor is unequal distribution of wealth and natural resources. The developed countries consist of one quarter of the worlds population but consume almost 80% of the world resources. In 2005, the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76. % of total private consumption. The poorest 20% consumed just 1. 5%. When one child is born in a developed country, the amount of money and resources spend behind it is equivalent to 16 children in the developing countries. Therefore the developed countries should cut back their very high consumption instead of asking developing countries to control their population growth. However they do not do that in an attempt to hold down he development of the poor countries to continue dominance over them and to maintain the very expensive living style. So they made population growth the main reason behind poverty to distract everyone from the real reasons. They pressurize the poor nations to adopt aggressive population control programs even though they themselves went through a period of sizable population increase that accelerated their own development processes. So as the Lads are kept poor, no or less development occurs and thus generates overpopulation. Also a huge amount of resources are hold idle. For example, only 12% of all the potential arable land is under cultivation. So the land actually being cultivated amounts only a fraction of its potential. According to one web resource- Enough arable land exists in India to give each person in the country approximately half an acre. In famine-ravaged Ethiopia, each person could have three-quarters of an acre of arable land. Africa, the poorest continent, has 20. 2% of the worlds land area, and only 13% of its population. North America has a whopping 2. 1 acres of arable land per person! So many areas with potential resources are under populated and any small areas (urban areas in the Lads) are concentrated with too many people. This unequal distribution of people in terms of land causes poverty rather than the population growth. Underdevelopment itself is a huge problem. If the governments of the developing countries adopt correct strategies that promote higher levels Of living, greater self-esteem and expanded freedom, population will take care of itself. If people are healthy and better educated, they will themselves be aware of the fact that smaller families are better than larger families. On the other case, if they are uneducated and physically and psychologically weak, the large family will be the only real source of social security. So the birth control programs and severe child control policies will be unsuccessful if there is no motivation to empower and enlighten the people, especially the women. If the women have equal roles and status like the men and have access to birth control, fertility rate will fall by itself. However, the richest people of the developing countries consume most of the resources and deprive the rest of the people of their daily necessities. As the poor people are kept poor they fail to get educated ND empowered which leads to low quality of life and overpopulation. Conclusion: Overpopulation is not the main cause behind poverty. It is the other way around. However, fast population growth is not desirable too. So in order to develop, countries like Bangladesh need to adopt policies that focus on making people aware of the ways to keep the family small. The consequences of rapid population should neither be exaggerated nor minimized. However, it is pretty clear problem of population is not simply a problem Of huge number. It is about quality of life and material well being.

Biography of Judith Resnik, NASA Astronaut

Biography of Judith Resnik, NASA Astronaut Dr. Judith Resnik was a NASA astronaut and engineer. She was part of the first group of female astronauts recruited by the space agency, and the second American woman to fly in space. She participated in two missions, logging a total of 144 hours and 57 minutes on orbit. Dr. Resnik was part of the ill-fated Challenger mission, which exploded 73 seconds after launch on January 28, 1986. Fast Facts: Judith A. Resnik Born: April 5, 1949 in Akron, OhioDied: January 28, 1986 in Cape Canaveral, FloridaParents: Sarah and Marvin ResnikSpouse: Michael Oldak (m. 1970-1975)Education: Bachelors in Electrical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, doctorate in Electrical Engineering from the University of MarylandInteresting Fact: Judith A. Resnik planned at one time to become a concert pianist. She was accepted at Juilliard School of Music but turned it down to study mathematics. Early Life Born on April 5, 1949, in Akron, Ohio, Judith A. Resnik grew up under the influence of two talented parents. Her father, Marvin Resnik was an optometrist who had served in the Army in World War II, and her mother, Sarah, was a paralegal. Resniks parents raised her as an observant Jew and she studied Hebrew as a child. She was also very much interested in music, planning at one time to become a concert pianist. Many of her biographies describe Judith Resnik as a very strong-minded child, bright, disciplined and talented at whatever she set out to learn and do. Official NASA portrait of astronaut Dr. Judith A. Resnik. NASA   Education Judith (Judy) Resnik went to Firestone High School, graduating as valedictorian of her class. She actually had a place waiting for her at Juilliard School of Music in New York but elected instead to study mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. While there, she began studying electrical engineering. She did her masters degree work at the University of Maryland. Eventually, she went on to get a Ph.D. in the subject in 1977. While pursuing her graduate studies, Resnik worked at RCA on missile and radar projects for the military. Her research into integrated circuitry caught NASAs attention and played a role in her acceptance as an astronaut. She also did research into biomedical engineering at the National Institutes of Health, with a particular interest in vision systems. During her graduate studies, Resnik also qualified as a professional aircraft pilot, ultimately piloting NASA T-38 Talon aircraft. During the years before her eventual acceptance at NASA, she worked in California, getting ready for the application and tryout process. NASA Career NASAs first class of female astronauts: Shannon W. Lucid, Margaret Rhea Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnik, Anna L. Fisher, and Sally K. Ride.   NASA In 1978, Judy Resnik became a NASA astronaut at the age of 29. She was one of six women accepted into the program and went through its rigorous years of training. She often cited the actress Nichelle Nichols (from Star Trek) as an influence on her decision to join NASA. In her training, Resnik focused on all the systems astronauts were required to know, and paid particular attention to robotic arm operations, as well as the deployment of orbiting experiments and solar array systems. Her work on the ground focused on tethered satellite systems, spacecraft manual control systems, and software applications for the remote manipulator systems.   Astronaut Judith Resnik during egress training at NASA. NASA   Resniks first flight took place aboard the space shuttle Discovery. It was also the maiden voyage for the spacecraft. With that mission, she became the second American to fly, following the first woman, Sally Ride. Many viewers of the IMAX film The Dream is Alive first saw her as the astronaut with long, flowing hair, fast asleep on orbit during one of the scenes.  Ã‚   Astronaut Judith Resnik (left) and crewmates aboard space shuttle Discovery in 1984.   NASA Resniks second (and last flight) was aboard the space shuttle Challenger, which was to carry the first teacher to space, Christa McAuliffe. It broke up 73 seconds into launch on January 26, 1986. Had that mission been successful, she would have been one of the mission specialists, working on a variety of experiments. In her short 37-year lifespan, she logged 144 hours and 57 minutes on orbit, worked toward two degrees in science, and pursued both her work and her hobbies (cooking and car racing) with equal intensity.   Personal Life Judith Resnik was briefly married to engineer Michael Oldak. They had no children, and both were engineering students when they met. They divorced in 1975.   Memorial plaque at the Astrononaut Memorial wall in Florida. This Dignity Memorial bears the names of all who have died in space-related mishaps. Seth Buckley, CC BY-SA 3.0 Awards and Legacy Judith A. Resnik was honored many times after her death. Schools are named for her, and theres a lunar crater on the far side of the Moon called Resnik. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers established an award in her name, given to people who make outstanding contributions to space engineering. At the Challenger Centers, a network of museums and centers named for the Challenger 7, she holds a place of interest and honor, particularly for female students. Each year, NASA honors lost astronauts at the Memorial Wall and space mirror at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Center in Florida, including the Challenger Seven who died in the 1986 tragedy.   Sources Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"Memorial for Judith Resnik.† NASA, www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/memorial.html.NASA, NASA, er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/resnik.htm.NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/women.html.â€Å"Remembering Judy Resnik.† Space Center Houston, 21 Jan. 2019, spacecenter.org/remembering-judy-resnik/.Suleyman, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judith-resnik.

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate finance - Essay Example For banks, on the other hand, it was a bitter-sweet experience. Before the euro, they easily handled 15 different west European currencies and interest rates, and made good money out f trading cash, securities and derivatives for customers and for their own book. On January 1st 1999, when 11 currencies were irrevocably fixed against each other (the 12th, the Greek drachma, joined the euro two years later), ten out f 15 currencies vanished from traders' screens. Many European banks lost a chunk f their income. The consolation was that, at a stroke, wholesale financial markets in Europe became much more integrated and more interesting for non-European investors. This caused much rebalancing f investment portfolios, because shares, bonds, loans and derivatives could be bought across the euro zone without additional currency or interest-rate risk. On the wholesale side, the integration f European financial markets has been a resounding success. But on the retail side--bank accounts, payments, mortgages, insurance policies and personal investments--the process has hardly begun. One strong sign that there is little convergence is the scarcity f cross-border banking mergers. So far there has been only one significant one, the purchase f Abbey National, Britain's sixth-biggest bank, by Banco Santander Central Hispano f Spain. One medium-sized French bank, Crdit Commercial de France, was bought by Britain's HSBC in 2000, and in the same year Germany's HypoVereinsbank bought Bank Austria. In Italy, another Spanish bank, BBVA, looks likely to succeed in its bid for Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, and ABN Amro f the Netherlands has been battling to take over Banca Antonveneta. Apart from some cross-border bank consolidation in the Benelux and Scandinavian countries, that is as far as integration in western Europe has got. In central and eastern Europe, it is a different story. Since the early 1990s, large swathes f the banking sector there have been privatised and ended up in foreign hands. That has brought immediate benefits in terms f safety and soundness, fresh capital, innovation and integrity, although some economists are alarmed by the long-term implications. Why the east-west split Ask the head f a big west European bank why he has not bought up a rival in, say, France, Germany or Italy, and he will give two reasons. First, political and legal barriers to entry act as a disincentive. About half f the French banking system is still in public hands, and a foreigner would find it politically tricky to buy one f the three biggest banks, Crdit Agricole Lyonnais, Socit Gnrale or BNP Paribas. In Germany, an even higher proportion f banks are in public or mutual hands, which means they are simply not for sale. There is a handful f private banks, but their share f the banking market is too small to give a foreign buyer critical mass. In Italy, several f the big banks are theoretically open to takeover, but real or perceived political barriers have discouraged foreign bids until recently. The second reason for not buying is that, in contrast to domestic mergers, the expected cost savings and economies f scale are rather modest. Domestic mergers benefit from the closure f branches and cuts in the number f employees and other fixed costs. Cross-border mergers are likely to bring only a few savings from the eventual integration f IT systems, back offices and perhaps the

Yahoo Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Yahoo Inc - Case Study Example It is a multilingual consumer interface accessible in 20 foreign languages over the planet, including English. Jerry Yang along with David Filo who were scholars from Stanford created the website in the first month of 1994. In the beginning, the site was named after Jerry referring to it as a guide to World Wide Web (WWW). It served the purpose of a directory since it linked with other websites in a chronological order. It was again named â€Å"Yahoo!† three months later in the same year, where it gained remarkable viewer hits. The exclamation mark was added as a trademark to register it under the law to avoid the resource infringement. In an effort to improve the service range to motivate the users to utilize extra time at the site, Yahoo launched an online e-mail service called four one one (411). The firm acquired Rocket mail, in addition to, Classic Games lines to expand its varieties that were by now common. In the year 2000, on the onset of millennium, Yahoo recorded the ir best results in the dot-com period when the revenue collection rose by 4.5%. In addition to that, the company merged with Google command searches since one would access the sites on either accounts. This resulted to Yahoo inventing a modern technology that would enable its viewers to enjoy their services directly. The deal that existed between the two firms was broken when the invention took place-precipitating creation of 2GB storage accounts, the opposite of Google’s 1GB. Major Issues or Problems of the Organization Every organization must face challenges in the formative stages and during the routine operations. Yahoo Corporation was faced with the challenges of account hackers, brain drain and cyber crimes. The common and most prevalent crisis at Yahoo is the hacking of accounts where respondents claim that at one time or the other their accounts have been hacked. Hacking is an art where an individual intentionally or unintentionally access an account of the other for security reasons or by clicking malicious links. Account hacks causes are mostly use of general Internet terminals or Wi-Fi prior to the attack. Moreover, they connect to links that might result to malicious locations. Almost every time, the hacked accounts, are used to distribute spams and frauds. The best way to avoid this is by altering the passwords to a secure one or applying different passwords foe every website frequented. Extra vigilance should be practiced when using public terminals. Another challenge is the brain drain experienced at Yahoo Corporation whereby staffs are leaving the firm at an alarming rate to set up competing firms. The best employees at the firm are speedily leaving to join other rival firms or set their personal firms. This is a challenge to Yahoo because these gone staffs understand the weaknesses and strengths of the firm which they can employ to their gain. Lastly, cyber crimes are illegal measures on the net that pose security issues to the users. T he cyber crimes comprise of software piracy, e-mail spying and credit card swindles which invade the privacy of the users. It is feared that the modern fraudsters loot more money through Internets than robberies. These crimes are directed to individuals, properties or institutions. Cyber crime rules have been enacted to curb the spread of these crimes to innocent, unsuspecting users (Wall, 2007). Competitive Environment As borrowed from Yahoo 10K, Yahoo chiefly challenges other businesses to draw users to its website and promoters to its marketing services. Yahoo expects the market to develop progressively more competitive in the event that online marketing persists to nurture and gain reception on an international basis. Yahoo’